{"id":5470,"date":"2025-05-06T21:58:57","date_gmt":"2025-05-06T14:58:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mkimia.fst.unair.ac.id\/an-unfinished-journey-toward-self-reliance-in-pharmaceutical-production-in-indonesia\/"},"modified":"2025-05-23T11:37:29","modified_gmt":"2025-05-23T04:37:29","slug":"an-unfinished-journey-toward-self-reliance-in-pharmaceutical-production-in-indonesia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mkimia.fst.unair.ac.id\/en\/an-unfinished-journey-toward-self-reliance-in-pharmaceutical-production-in-indonesia\/","title":{"rendered":"An Unfinished Journey: Toward Self-Reliance in Pharmaceutical Production in Indonesia"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5470\" class=\"elementor elementor-5470 elementor-5367\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37380024 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-top elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"37380024\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-wide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-417355af\" data-id=\"417355af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f158433 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f158433\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">An Unfinished Journey: Toward Self-Reliance in Pharmaceutical Production in Indonesia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14ddbe4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"14ddbe4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-734f236 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/mkimia.fst.unair.ac.id\/en\/author\/editormkimia\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-user-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 496 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M248 104c-53 0-96 43-96 96s43 96 96 96 96-43 96-96-43-96-96-96zm0 144c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48s21.5-48 48-48 48 21.5 48 48-21.5 48-48 48zm0-240C111 8 0 119 0 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S385 8 248 8zm0 448c-49.7 0-95.1-18.3-130.1-48.4 14.9-23 40.4-38.6 69.6-39.5 20.8 6.4 40.6 9.6 60.5 9.6s39.7-3.1 60.5-9.6c29.2 1 54.7 16.5 69.6 39.5-35 30.1-80.4 48.4-130.1 48.4zm162.7-84.1c-24.4-31.4-62.1-51.9-105.1-51.9-10.2 0-26 9.6-57.6 9.6-31.5 0-47.4-9.6-57.6-9.6-42.9 0-80.6 20.5-105.1 51.9C61.9 339.2 48 299.2 48 256c0-110.3 89.7-200 200-200s200 89.7 200 200c0 43.2-13.9 83.2-37.3 115.9z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\teditormkimia\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-5f053c5 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/mkimia.fst.unair.ac.id\/en\/2025\/05\/06\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-calendar\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M12 192h424c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v260c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V204c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12zm436-44v-36c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48h-48V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H160V12c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12v52H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v36c0 6.6 5.4 12 12 12h424c6.6 0 12-5.4 12-12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>May 6, 2025<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f08114d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7f08114d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/mkimia.fst.unair.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2025\/05\/05prof-860x550-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5369\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mkimia.fst.unair.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2025\/05\/05prof-860x550-1.jpg 860w, https:\/\/mkimia.fst.unair.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2025\/05\/05prof-860x550-1-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mkimia.fst.unair.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/2025\/05\/05prof-860x550-1-768x491.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c4b6e97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c4b6e97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"342\"><em data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"227\">By Prof. Dr. Hery Suwito, M.Si<\/em><br data-start=\"227\" data-end=\"230\" \/><em data-start=\"230\" data-end=\"342\">Professor of Bioactive Compound Design and Synthesis, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"344\" data-end=\"347\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"349\" data-end=\"880\"><strong data-start=\"349\" data-end=\"409\">Import data for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)<\/strong> published by the Ministry of Industry and Statistics Indonesia (BPS) over the past three years amounted to <strong data-start=\"517\" data-end=\"542\">US$443 million (2021)<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"569\">US$509 million (2022)<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"601\">US$1.27 billion (2023)<\/strong>. The primary sources of these imports are <strong data-start=\"644\" data-end=\"659\">China (45%)<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"676\">India (27%)<\/strong>, and the <strong data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"708\">United States (8%)<\/strong>, with the remaining 20% from other countries. Despite a decrease in import volume in 2023, Indonesia\u2019s dependence on imported APIs remained high\u2014<strong data-start=\"854\" data-end=\"879\">exceeding 90% by 2024<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"1317\">Not all APIs are imported. A small portion is produced domestically, although <strong data-start=\"960\" data-end=\"986\">not via full synthesis<\/strong>. In most cases, the final synthetic stage is conducted locally, but the precursors used in those final stages are still imported. Therefore, no <strong data-start=\"1131\" data-end=\"1191\">complete API synthesis from basic domestic raw materials<\/strong> has been established. Moreover, <strong data-start=\"1224\" data-end=\"1240\">patent costs<\/strong> for using certain production methods continue to burden local manufacturers.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1319\" data-end=\"1379\"><strong data-start=\"1323\" data-end=\"1379\">Strategic API Production: The Case of Salicylic Acid<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1381\" data-end=\"1717\">A feasible solution is to <strong data-start=\"1407\" data-end=\"1451\">produce APIs from domestic raw materials<\/strong>, ideally those that serve <strong data-start=\"1478\" data-end=\"1496\">dual functions<\/strong>\u2014both as therapeutic agents and intermediates for other pharmaceutical compounds. Another key criterion is that the <strong data-start=\"1612\" data-end=\"1649\">synthesis methods are patent-free<\/strong>, either because they are in the public domain or have long expired.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"2105\">A prime example is the production of <strong data-start=\"1756\" data-end=\"1774\">salicylic acid<\/strong>, which can be synthesized using the <strong data-start=\"1811\" data-end=\"1837\">Kolbe-Schmitt reaction<\/strong>, involving <strong data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"1859\">phenol<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1861\" data-end=\"1881\">sodium hydroxide<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"1887\" data-end=\"1911\">carbon dioxide (CO\u2082)<\/strong>. Phenol is an aromatic alcohol derived from <strong data-start=\"1956\" data-end=\"1967\">benzene<\/strong>, a byproduct of petroleum. Indonesia already has <strong data-start=\"2017\" data-end=\"2052\">four phenol-producing companies<\/strong> with a combined annual capacity of <strong data-start=\"2088\" data-end=\"2104\">125,250 tons<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2107\" data-end=\"2549\">This production method diversifies phenol applications beyond existing uses, tapping its <strong data-start=\"2196\" data-end=\"2239\">potential as a pharmaceutical precursor<\/strong>. Indonesia also boasts <strong data-start=\"2263\" data-end=\"2299\">eight sodium hydroxide producers<\/strong>, generating a total annual capacity of <strong data-start=\"2339\" data-end=\"2357\">1,306,000 tons<\/strong>. Meanwhile, <strong data-start=\"2370\" data-end=\"2389\">PT Pupuk Kujang<\/strong> is a major producer of liquid CO\u2082, obtained from <strong data-start=\"2439\" data-end=\"2482\">excess gas during fertilizer production<\/strong>, with a capacity of <strong data-start=\"2503\" data-end=\"2523\">50,000 tons\/year<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"2528\" data-end=\"2548\">99.9% CO\u2082 purity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2551\" data-end=\"2589\"><strong data-start=\"2555\" data-end=\"2589\">Kolbe-Schmitt Reaction Process<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2591\" data-end=\"3113\">In the Kolbe-Schmitt process, <strong data-start=\"2621\" data-end=\"2660\">phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide<\/strong> to form <strong data-start=\"2669\" data-end=\"2689\">sodium phenoxide<\/strong> while <strong data-start=\"2696\" data-end=\"2719\">water is evaporated<\/strong>. Carbon dioxide is then bubbled through the reaction vessel under <strong data-start=\"2786\" data-end=\"2832\">100\u2013130\u00b0C temperature and 5\u20137 atm pressure<\/strong>. The resulting <strong data-start=\"2848\" data-end=\"2869\">sodium salicylate<\/strong> is neutralized with <strong data-start=\"2890\" data-end=\"2923\">hydrochloric or sulfuric acid<\/strong>, precipitating <strong data-start=\"2939\" data-end=\"2957\">salicylic acid<\/strong> with a purity exceeding 90%.<br data-start=\"2986\" data-end=\"2989\" \/>This process was patented in <strong data-start=\"3018\" data-end=\"3026\">1860<\/strong> by German chemists <strong data-start=\"3046\" data-end=\"3083\">Hermann Kolbe and Rudolph Schmitt<\/strong> and is now <strong data-start=\"3095\" data-end=\"3112\">public domain<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"3115\" data-end=\"3169\"><strong data-start=\"3119\" data-end=\"3169\">Applications and Derivatives of Salicylic Acid<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3171\" data-end=\"3336\">Medically, <strong data-start=\"3182\" data-end=\"3200\">salicylic acid<\/strong> is used to treat <strong data-start=\"3218\" data-end=\"3237\">skin conditions<\/strong> such as <strong data-start=\"3246\" data-end=\"3284\">eczema, corns, calluses, and warts<\/strong>, and serves as a base for synthesizing other drugs:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3338\" data-end=\"3831\">\n<li data-start=\"3338\" data-end=\"3439\">\n<p data-start=\"3340\" data-end=\"3439\"><strong data-start=\"3340\" data-end=\"3356\">Salisylamide<\/strong> \u2013 an analgesic and antipyretic; often combined with <strong data-start=\"3409\" data-end=\"3421\">caffeine<\/strong> in cold remedies.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3440\" data-end=\"3638\">\n<p data-start=\"3442\" data-end=\"3638\"><strong data-start=\"3442\" data-end=\"3455\">Salsalate<\/strong> \u2013 a dimer of salicylic acid used to treat <strong data-start=\"3498\" data-end=\"3531\">chronic inflammatory diseases<\/strong> like <strong data-start=\"3537\" data-end=\"3580\">rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis<\/strong>, with reduced <strong data-start=\"3595\" data-end=\"3617\">gastric irritation<\/strong> compared to aspirin.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3639\" data-end=\"3762\">\n<p data-start=\"3641\" data-end=\"3762\"><strong data-start=\"3641\" data-end=\"3658\">Sulfasalazine<\/strong> \u2013 used to treat <strong data-start=\"3675\" data-end=\"3705\">inflammatory bowel disease<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"3707\" data-end=\"3730\">rheumatic arthritis<\/strong>, and as an <strong data-start=\"3742\" data-end=\"3761\">immunomodulator<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3763\" data-end=\"3831\">\n<p data-start=\"3765\" data-end=\"3831\"><strong data-start=\"3765\" data-end=\"3779\">Diflunisal<\/strong> \u2013 an <strong data-start=\"3785\" data-end=\"3798\">analgesic<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"3803\" data-end=\"3824\">anti-inflammatory<\/strong> agent.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3853\" data-end=\"4138\">Producing <strong data-start=\"3863\" data-end=\"3881\">salicylic acid<\/strong> locally is a <strong data-start=\"3895\" data-end=\"3923\">strategic starting point<\/strong> toward API self-reliance. As both a <strong data-start=\"3960\" data-end=\"3984\">therapeutic compound<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"3989\" data-end=\"4031\">intermediate for other pharmaceuticals<\/strong>, it offers a viable model for building domestic pharmaceutical resilience\u2014economically and scientifically.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4140\" data-end=\"4143\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4145\" data-end=\"4313\"><em data-start=\"4145\" data-end=\"4313\">Reposted by admin from source: &#8220;Jalan Panjang yang Belum Usai: Menuju Kemandirian Produksi Obat di Indonesia&#8221; | <a style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jurnalindonesia.net\/jalan-panjang-yang-belum-usai-menuju-kemandirian-produksi-obat-di-indonesia\/\">Jalan Panjang yang Belum Usai: Menuju Kemandirian Produksi Obat di Indonesia | jurnalindonesia.net<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7966591e\" data-id=\"7966591e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-661c0014 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"661c0014\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Other news<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e736c4 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"44e736c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Prof. Dr. Hery Suwito, M.SiProfessor of Bioactive Compound Design and Synthesis, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga Import data for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) published by the Ministry [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":5369,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5470","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - 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